no longer rests on basic trade

This infrastructural coherence forms the chassis upon which Kazakhstan and Turkey are now constructing an increasingly integrated economic body. The economic dimension of the Kazakhstan–Turkey partnership no longer rests on basic trade flows or sectoral alignment. What has emerged is a network comprising tightly nested channels of capital and industrial function. Bilateral trade exceeded $5 billion in 2024, but more telling is the diversification of that portfolio: construction, manufacturing, logistics, energy, digital services, and agriculture are now all operative zones of convergence. Turkish firms are increasingly present in the build-out of Kazakhstan’s infrastructure, not just as contractors but as long-term equity participants in port and railway upgrades. ดูหนัง2025