Under both the Trump and Biden administrations, U.S. strategy in Africa has drifted. The numbers tell the story: USAID’s budget authority dropped from $23.2 billion in FY2016 to $19.3 billion by FY2022. Critical programs in governance and agriculture have seen reductions of nearly 25% in the past five years. Field offices in states like South Sud

Justice Sotomayor was skeptical that the exception was designed to protect the choices by the FBI agents in the mistaken raid of the Martin house. Justice Sotomayor cited legislative history surrounding the addition of the law-enforcement proviso in the wake of previous wrong-house raids for context on what the discretionary-function exception was

The Eleventh Circuit then held that the government was not liable to the plaintiffs on the merits because the claims of intentional wrongdoing were defeated by the Supremacy Clause defense. According to the court, the defense applied because (1) the FBI agent acted within his discretion when he prepared for and executed the search warrant, and (2)

The intentional-tort exception provides that the government cannot be sued for claims alleging certain intentional wrongdoing by federal employees, such as assault and battery. The exception does not apply to “acts or omissions” of law enforcement officers. This carveout is known as the “law-enforcement proviso” and allows certain claims ag

only in policy language but in Kazakhstan’s chosen roles as convenor of intra-regional dialogues and host of sensitive multilateral negotiations. The Tokayev presidency has reinforced this transition. Language now emphasizes constructive engagement and embedded sovereignty. Kazakhstan does not seek equidistance between powers, but functional inse